Suggestions on Key Agricultural Management During the Fu Period

I. General Management Principles

1. Water management: Irrigate in early morning or evening with small volumes of water at frequent intervals; avoid flood irrigation at noon. Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are preferred. Conduct scientific water replenishment during droughts; dredge ditches before rainfall, drain water quickly after heavy rains to reduce soil moisture saturation, and prevent root rot caused by high temperature and waterlogging.
2. Fertilizer management: Apply small amounts of fertilizer frequently, control nitrogen application while increasing phosphorus and potassium supply, and prioritize foliar fertilizer supplementation. Avoid soil topdressing during high-temperature hours to prevent fertilizer burn. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, humic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizers can be used to improve crops’ resistance to heat and drought.
3. Pest and disease prevention and control: Prioritize green prevention and control and apply pesticides at proper time. Pesticide spraying shall be arranged in early morning or evening; spraying under high temperature at noon is prohibited. Rotate different pesticides and strictly observe the pre-harvest interval of pesticides.
4. Disaster prevention responses: Guard against high-temperature heat damage, rainstorms and strong winds, sunscald and lodging. Harvest ripe fruits and vegetables in a timely manner.
5. Safe farming: Avoid open-air field work from 11:00 to 16:00 under high temperatures and implement heatstroke prevention measures. Standardize the operation of agricultural machinery and pesticides, and ban open-air burning of crop straw.

II. Key Technical Field Management Measures by Crop Type

(I) Grain and Oil Crops (Mainly Rice and Summer Maize)

1. Rice (Mid-season rice enters booting and heading stage; late rice is in critical tillering stage)

• Regulate water scientifically to prevent heat damage. In case of persistent high temperatures during booting and heading, maintain a 5–10 cm water layer in the field to protect panicles through deep water irrigation with water input in daytime and drainage at night. Switch to alternate wetting and drying and shallow water irrigation during grain filling to preserve roots and leaves and avoid premature water cutoff. Drain floodwater timely after rainfall and wash seedlings with clean water for flooded fields after water recession.
• Conduct precision topdressing: control application of available nitrogen fertilizer and increase potassium fertilizer. Spray 0.2%–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate combined with brassinolide on leaves after full heading, once every 7 days for 1–2 consecutive times to reduce unfilled grains and prevent premature senescence.
• Focus on prevention and control of pests and diseases: brown planthopper, striped rice borer, rice leaf roller, panicle blast, sheath blight and rice false smut. Carry out preventive pesticide application at the panicle initiation stage.

2. Summer Maize (Jointing stage, big flare stage to tasseling and silking stage)

• Prevent drought and waterlogging: improve drainage ditches in low-lying plots. Conduct furrow irrigation in early morning or evening with appropriate water volume instead of flood irrigation. Cover crop rows with straw to lower ground temperature and retain soil moisture.
• Topdress for ear development: apply ear fertilizer appropriately at the big flare stage. Conduct artificial supplementary pollination from 9:00 to 11:00 in plots suffering difficult pollination under high temperatures to reduce incomplete kernel setting at ear tips.
• Implement "One Spray for Multiple Purposes": spray foliar mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, insecticides and fungicides to control corn borers, aphids, spider mites, northern leaf blight and stalk rot simultaneously.

(II) Vegetables (Open-field vegetables and protected vegetables)

1. Open-field solanaceous fruits, melons, beans and summer-sown leafy vegetables

• Cool down and preserve soil moisture: cover ridges with straw to reduce surface temperature rise. Adopt high ridges and deep ditches to prevent waterlogging after rainfall.
• Plant regulation: conduct pruning and shoot thinning on sunny mornings, remove old leaves, diseased leaves and ineffective inner lateral branches to improve ventilation and light penetration. High temperatures may lead to poor pollination; use plant growth regulators properly to preserve flowers and fruits and prevent blossom and fruit drop as well as sunscald.
• Water and fertilizer management: replenish fertilizer after harvesting with small and frequent applications. Spray calcium foliar fertilizer and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer regularly under persistent high temperatures to reduce blossom-end rot and fruit cracking.
• Target pests and diseases: beet armyworm, spodoptera litura, thrips, sweet potato whitefly, soft rot, downy mildew and viral diseases. Clear residual plants of finished crops in a timely manner; plough and sun the soil in vacated plots to prepare for sowing and seedling raising of autumn vegetables.

2. Protected greenhouse vegetables

• Environmental regulation: adopt the "two nets plus one film" mode (top film, sunshade net and insect-proof net). Deploy sunshade facilities from 10:00 to 16:00 on sunny days to lower temperature; maximize ventilation day and night to reduce temperature and humidity inside greenhouses.
• Water and fertilizer mode: prioritize under-mulch drip irrigation with small and frequent watering to lower humidity in greenhouses. Use idle greenhouses for high-temperature soil disinfection to mitigate continuous cropping obstacles.
• Emergency precautions: reinforce greenhouse frames and fasten plastic films to guard against thunderstorms and strong winds; close air vents before rainstorms to avoid rainwater backflow.

(III) Orchard Management (Apple, pear, peach, grape, citrus, etc.)

• Drought resistance for trees: cover soil around tree trunks with straw and weeds (30 cm away from trunks) to reduce water evaporation. Carry out drip irrigation or hole irrigation in early morning and evening; avoid irrigation at noon.
• Prevent sunscald: retain appropriate inner canopy branches and leaves for shading; conduct bagging for fruits. Spray calcium fertilizer and potassium dihydrogen phosphate on leaves under high temperature and drought to enhance stress resistance.
• Summer pruning: thin out vigorous water sprouts and overcrowded branches to improve ventilation. Avoid heavy pruning to prevent wound exposure under direct sunlight and secondary infection.
• Pest and disease prevention and control: focus on spider mites, fruit borers, anthracnose and brown spot disease; apply pesticides to prevent diseases promptly after rainfall. Drain water in a timely manner after heavy rains to avoid root rot.

III. Livestock, Poultry and Aquaculture Management

1. Livestock and Poultry Breeding

• Housing cooling: fully open doors and windows for ventilation, equipped with fans, water curtains and sprinkling cooling facilities. Reduce breeding density and guarantee sufficient clean cold drinking water.
• Feeding regulation: appropriately raise crude protein content in diets, reduce feeding amount, and avoid feeding at noon. Prevent feed from dampness and mildew.
• Epidemic prevention and control: clean manure timely and conduct regular disinfection; guard against respiratory and digestive diseases induced by heat stress.

2. Aquaculture

• Water oxygenation: operate aerators continuously in the afternoon and early dawn to prevent oxygen depletion and fish death. Reduce feeding volume to avoid residual feed deteriorating water quality.
• Water quality regulation: add fresh water regularly and apply microbial agents appropriately. Monitor and prevent fish septicemia, gill rot and other diseases.

IV. Emergency Responses to Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

1. Persistent high temperature and drought: coordinate irrigation water resources and promote water-saving irrigation. Spray drought-resistant regulators on leaves for severely drought-affected plots. For fields without timely irrigation access, switch to quick-growing vegetables and short-season coarse cereals as appropriate.
2. Rainstorms, strong winds and flood disasters: dredge field drainage ditches in advance. Harvest ripe fruits and vegetables before storm arrival. Drain accumulated water, straighten seedlings and wash crop leaves after heavy rains; remove diseased and residual plants. Conduct shallow tillage to break compacted soil when soil moisture permits. Prevent diseases and secondary disasters after flooding.
3. Outbreak prevention of pests and diseases: adhere to monitoring and early warning. Prioritize physical and biological prevention technologies including insecticidal lamps, pheromone traps, sticky traps and insect-proof nets. Carry out scientific chemical control when pest density reaches the control threshold; prohibit illegal pesticide application.

V. Requirements for Safe Production

1. Guide farmers to conduct field work in staggered time periods, provide sun protection and heatstroke prevention supplies, and guard against heatstroke.
2. Stop agricultural machinery operation for cooling under high temperatures regularly, clear straw debris to prevent spontaneous combustion accidents.
3. Standardize pesticide storage, preparation and application, implement personal protection to avoid pesticide poisoning and phytotoxicity; ban open-air burning of weeds and straw.
4. Pay close attention to meteorological early warnings during flood seasons; formulate advance evacuation and risk avoidance plans for low-lying protected facilities and breeding sheds.